What was The Conspiracy of Catiline

During the time of Caesar and Cicero, in the final decades of the Roman Republic, a group of debt-ridden aristocrats, led by the patrician Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline), conspired against Rome. Catiline had been thwarted in his ambitions for the top political post of consul, and charged with abuse of power while serving as governor. He gathered into his conspiracy Etruscans and disaffected senators and equestrians. With these, he raised an army. Catilines plan failed. The Conspiracy Revealed On the night of 18 October, 63 B.C., Crassus brought letters to Cicero warning of a plot against Rome that was led by Catiline. This plot came to be known as the Catilinarian Conspiracy. The Senate is Alarmed The following day, Cicero, who was consul, read the letters in the Senate. The Senate ordered further investigation and on the 21st, passed the Senatus Consultum Ultimum final resolution of the senate. This gave absolute imperium power to the consuls and created a state of martial law. The Conspirators Stir up the Countryside News arrived that slaves were revolting in Capua (in Campania, see map) and Apulia. There was panic in Rome. Praetors were instructed to raise troops. Throughout these events, Catiline remained in Rome; his allies stirring up the trouble in the countryside. But on the 6 of November Catiline announced plans to leave the city to take control of the revolt. When Cicero started delivering a series of inflammatory speeches against Catiline, the conspirators planned to retaliate by having a tribune stir up the people against Cicero and his unjust accusations. Fires were to be set, and Cicero was to be assassinated. Ambushing the Conspirators Meanwhile, the conspirators had approached the Allobroges, a tribe of Gauls. The Allobroges thought better of allying themselves with the Roman traitors and reported the proposal and other details of the conspiracy to their Roman patron, who, in turn, reported to Cicero. The Allobroges were instructed to pretend to go along with the conspirators. Cicero arranged for troops to ambush the conspirators with the envoys (false allies) at the Milvian Bridge. Pater Patriae The conspirators who were caught were executed without trial in December 63. For these summary executions, Cicero was honored, hailed as savior of his country (pater patriae). The Senate then mobilized troops to face Catiline at Pistoria, where Catiline was killed, thereby ending the Conspiracy of Catiline. Cicero Cicero produced four orations against Catiline that are considered some of his best rhetorical pieces. He had been supported in the decision to execute by other senators, including the strict moralist and enemy of Caesar, Cato. Since the Senatus Consultum Ultimum had been passed, Cicero technically held the power to do whatever was necessary, including execute, but likewise, he was the one responsible for the deaths of Roman citizens. Later, Cicero paid a high price for what he did to save the country. Another enemy of Cicero, Publius Clodius, pushed through a law that prosecuted Romans who executed other Romans without trial. The law was clearly designed to give Clodius a way of bringing Cicero to trial. Instead of facing trial, Cicero went into exile. Sources:Notes on the First Catilinarian Conspiracy Erich S. Gruen Classical Philology, Vol. 64, No. 1. (Jan., 1969), pp. 20-24.Chronology of Catilines ConspiracyLucius Sergius Catilina

The Debate Of Integrating Elements Of Orthodox Christian...

Orthodoxy, Orthopraxy, and Research Researchers face the challenge of integrating elements of orthodox Christian theology and orthopraxy into the theoretical orientation of their research. To maintain the integrity of the study, the research must exhaust ever effort to take themselves out of the research, allowing the research to speak for itself. Biblical exegesis can influences one’s research; a researcher should acknowledge their assumptions, taking steps to mitigate them from the research. Biblical Exegesis, Orthodoxy, Orthopraxy, and Research One’s level of biblical exegesis and interpretation influences one’s believes and behaviors. Woodbridge (2010) provides three elements of biblical exegesis: 1) the world of the writer, 2) world of the original audience, 3) and the reader’s perception of them. How individuals understand these three aspects of a text shape their orthodoxy. Biblical exegesis is understanding what scripture meant for the time and people that it was written to, once that is understood, individuals can make application into the present world. One’s orthodoxy does not always translate into orthopraxy; individuals think they become an exception until their worldview changes (Mittwede, 2013). Orthodoxy must become ones’ worldview in order to affect the orthopraxy of individuals. Biblical exegesis makes the connections between orthodoxy and orthopraxy giving justification for both. Orthodoxy without Biblical exegesis has no foundation except preferences

A Quote From Anatole Broyard s The Perfect Storm And...

Michael Azzolino Mrs. Pledger American Literature 11 14 September 2015 A quote from Anatole Broyard, â€Å"It is one of the paradoxes of American Literature that our writers are forever looking back with love and nostalgia at the lives they couldn’t wait to leave.† People reminisce of some of the worst moments in American history with a dampening eye, glossing over all the grit. Out of the populus, the ones who actively present Broyard’s quote as fact are content creators. This trope appears many times in Literature and even other forms of entertainment such as movies, television shows, and certain video games. Three examples of Broyard’s statement show up in the works: The Perfect Storm, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and The Glass†¦show more content†¦Once the bites had picked up and the ship was full, the â€Å"Halloween Storm† had begun forming. They pushed on into the nor’easter turned hurricane and were never heard from again. We looked back at these men and their time with lightheartedness, like a quick glimpse of a photo, not really thinking about them or the period itself. Jumping to the year 1937 at the end of the Great Depression, we witness the tale of a single mother, Amanda her son, Tom, and daughter, Laura. A mother who’s trying to push her daughter into marriage and shoving her son to work while also trying to relive her glory days, a rinse-repeat story in those days. You were either male and slaved in factories for pay like Tom or female and raised to be a housewife to marry a wealthy man. Tom’s an aspiring poet who works in a warehouse while his sister isolates herself because of her shyness and bad leg, and their mother is woman looking for wealth whether her or her daughter acquires it. Amanda sends her son out to find a man for Laura and he brings back Jim O’Connor. Lo and behold, Jim apparently had been Laura’s high school crush. A dinner ensues with the family, ending with an awkward exchange between Jim and Laura where they kiss and it is revealed that Jim has a fiancà ©e. Jim leaves and Amada blames Tom, who eventually loses his job and skips town on them. Another ‘great time period’ where life for most wasn’t well. Yet authors try to shed light on it wherever possible. A giant leap

Corporate Social Responsibilty

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Social Responsibilty. Answer: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility is not a new concept it is a very old concept as the trade and the business itself. There are different grounds created by different organizations for defining corporate social responsibility.(Hopkins 2012) But there is one ground on which the corporate social responsibility can be defined as an activity undertaken by a corporation for the welfare of its employees and the society as a whole along with the environment in which the corporation operates. Corporate social responsibility is something that an organization gives back to the society after using the resources of the society for making its profits. Corporate social responsibility is an obligation that a business has towards its customers, society and the environment in which it is operating. (Greunewalder 2008) Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility Though the nature of CSR is controversial it has become one of the most intense concerns for the various businesses. Businesses are expected to create returns for their shareholders by the adaptation of the socially responsible character towards the society. CSR is considered to be a very important concept for the various organizations.(Schwatrtz 2011)CSR is a corporate strategy that benefits not only the society but to the business as well. The importance of the CSR is as follows: CSR helps in building the brands for the corporations and boosting the reputations of them so that they can enjoy a favorable public image. By adopting the CSR in their day to day activities the corporations can increase there valuable assets that includes trust, goodwill and good reputation. If a company has a socially responsible profile then automatically company is in a position of enhancing its competitiveness and it can obtain a significant position in the customers mind. CSR creates economic benefits to the company through the cost reduction and increase in the revenues. If the companies invest socially then they receive benefits by outweighing the costs. This further helps in the development of the various innovative products and services. This can also help the companies in boosting their profits and reducing the costs. Advantages of Corporate Social Responsibility Improvement in the Image of the Corporation The CSR helps in the improvement of the goodwill value of the corporations. Through this dual purpose is served to the corporations, the first one is the consumers will buy products of that company and secondly other companies will be attracted to do the business with the company. Increased Attention and Retention of Employees The companies whose CSR is strong for them hiring and retaining the employees is very easy. People get automatically attracted towards such organization and are willing to work with them. Attracts Capital Inflow from Different Sources The CSR Company has an advantage of attracting huge investors. The company that is engaged in the programs of the CSR has a great image. The capital from the investors abroad is also attracted to such corporations.(Paetzold 2010) Positive Publicity It helps in the publicity of the corporation though it is considered in every business that any publicity is a good publicity. The CSR will act as an advertisement for the company. No hostile nature of the regulatory authorities(Crother Aras 2012) The regulatory authorities will not scrutinize the work of the corporations that have strong CSR. The regulations of the authorities would be lenient for such corporations because the authorities might feel that the companies comply with all the set regulations.(Hederson Florence 2009) Customer Relations The company with a strong CSR will have good and healthy relations with the customers and the customers of such corporations will enjoy working with them. Disadvantages of Corporate Social Responsibility Company reputation becomes a hit The customers loose trust in the companies if a reputed companys product is not up to the mark. The CSR guidelines help to build up the reputation of the company that can prove out to be disadvantageous for the company itself.(A.r 2008) Shareholders Interest For bringing in CSR procedures that are lots of changes that are required to be bought in to the organization for this experienced personnel is required to be hired and it is thought by the shareholders that those costs are covered by the company from the pockets of the shareholders, hence the shareholders loose interest in the company.(Evans 2013) Negative Effect on the Reputation of the Companies The policies of the CSR require that the companies shall release all the important information about the products of the company which might have negative effect on the company. A very good example of this can be known from the fact that coca cola in its 2013 report said that there are some dangerous chemicals in its products due to which the revenues of the company declined. By many people it has been believed that the CSR is a window dressing as many organizations use the support of the CSR to hide their unethical conducts which is not correct thing.(Keilamas 2014) Increase in the Cost of Production The expenditure of the company often increases due to the activities of the CSR programs. Due to this increased expenditure the prices of the products of the company increases simultaneously that are ultimately paid by the customers.(Gaur 2011) Conclusion It is considered that the Corporate Social Responsibility is a vital element for any business. There are various areas that can be chosen by the company to practice the corporate social responsibility. The Corporate social responsibility is considered as an idealistic idea though there are various abusive powers against this concept but still the concept of corporate social responsibility has gained a lot of popularity and organizations prefer to be socially responsible as it helps in boosting their profits by increasing their revenues and decreasing there costs. The companies shall follow the concept of social responsibility as they operate in an environment which offers that various variety of resources due to which they are able to earn lots of profits and they have a responsibility towards the welfare of the society also. So, at last it can be concluded that the corporate social Responsibility is a must for every organization. Bibliography A.r, B 2008, CSR in Private Enterprises in Developing Countries: Evidences from the Ready, Hampshire, London. Crother, D Aras, G 2012, Global Perspectives on Corporate Governance and CSR - Page 26, British Library Catlouging, UK. Evans, K 2013, eHow, viewed 12 August 2016, https://www.ehow.com/info_8031857_disadvantages-corporate-social-responsibility.html. Gaur, S 2011, preservearticles, viewed 13 August 2016, https://www.preservearticles.com/201108019686/759-words-essay-on-corporate-social-responsibility.html. Greunewalder, A 2008, Corporate Social Responsibility. Hederson, S Florence, S 2009, Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Business: A Guide to Their Leadership Tasks and Functions, Center for Creative Leadership, 2009, London. Hopkins, M 2012, Corporate Social Responsibility and International Development, Eathscan, London. Keilamas, M 2014, chron.com, viewed 12 August 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/pros-cons-corporate-social-responsibility-56247.html. Paetzold, K 2010, Corporate Social Responsibility: An International Marketing Approach. Schwatrtz, M 2011, Corporate Social Responsibility: An Ethical Approach, 3rd edn, BroadView Press, UK.